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List of Common Fungal Diseases of Crops and Their Pathogens in China——Cash Crop
GUO RuiXue;WU XueLian;HAN ShiLei;LI Yu;LIU ShuYan;Fungal diseases are a major factor contributing to reduced quality and yield in cash crops， characterized by wide distribution and severe impacts. They cause significant yield and economic losses in crops such as cotton， tea， tobacco， sugar crops， and various tropical crops. Accurate identification and standardized nomenclature of pathogens are fundamental for effective disease control and scientific quarantine， necessitating systematic review and standardization. This paper is the third in a series of lists of common fungal diseases and their pathogens in Chinese crops. From the third edition of Diseases and Insect Pests of Chinese Crops， 207 common fungal diseases of cash crops in China were selected. These include 19 diseases of cotton， 15 diseases of tea， 13 diseases of rubber trees， 5 diseases of banana， 4 diseases of mango， 9 diseases of coffee， 43 diseases of other tropical crops， 12 diseases of mulberry， 7 diseases of oak， 28 diseases of fiber crops， 24 diseases of sugar crops， 9 diseases of tobacco， and 19 diseases of forage crops. Based on the latest nomenclatural codes， the World Fungal Name Database， and recent taxonomic research， the Latin scientific names of the pathogenic fungi have been systematically verified. For each crop， the list provides the disease name， the Chinese name of the pathogen， and the current Latin scientific name， with some entries including basionyms and common synonyms. This list aims to provide critical foundational data support for accurate diagnosis of cash crop diseases， quarantine inspection， resistance breeding， and international academic exchange.
Therapeutic Effect of Truffles on Hearing Impairment in Kidney Yang-Deficiency Model Mouse
Li Xiang;Luo Yalun;Li Ping;Li Siyu;Ji Yitong;Wen Peng;Bao Haiying;Tuber formosanum H.T.Hu&Y.Wang is considered to possess the effects of strengthening the body， tonifying kidney yang， and restoring consciousness in traditional medicine. To evaluate its therapeutic effects on hearing impairment in mice with kidney-yang deficiency syndrome and to investigate its influence on the function and morphology of the kidney， adrenal gland， and cochlea， a mouse model was established by intraperitoneal injection of kanamycin. The animals were then administered high- and low-dose truffle powder or high- and low-dose Shen’an decoction by gavage for 14 days. Hearing function was assessed by behavioral observation and auditory testing， organ indices of the kidney， adrenal gland， liver， spleen， and cochlea were calculated， serum levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)， cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)， adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)， and cortisol were measured， and histopathological changes in the kidney， adrenal gland， and cochlea were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining. Compared with the normal group， mice in the model group exhibited significant abnormalities in hearing-related indices， indicating successful model establishment. After treatment with truffle powder or its compound preparation， the number of head-turning responses， box-exiting responses， and sound-tracking sensitivity were all significantly improved compared with those in the model group (P<0.05). In addition， pathological injury in the kidney， adrenal gland， and cochlea was markedly alleviated after treatment. Renal tubules， glomeruli， and interstitial structures tended to normalize; adrenal cavity morphology and cellular arrangement were improved; and the numbers of cochlear hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons were restored. Serological analysis showed an overall recovery trend in serum cAMP， cGMP， ACTH， and cortisol levels in the treatment groups relative to the model group， with more pronounced improvement in the high-dose truffle powder and compound preparation groups (P<0.05). These findings indicate that Tuber formosanum and its compound preparation can significantly ameliorate kanamycin-induced renal injury and hearing impairment in mice with kidney-yang deficiency syndrome， possibly through regulating serum cAMP， cGMP， ACTH， and cortisol levels and restoring the structural and functional integrity of the kidney， adrenal gland， and cochlea.
Effect of pH and Spore Concentration on Ectomycorrhiza Formation by White Truffles and Host Plant Performance
ZHANG Huiwen;LIU Meiju;CUI Mengjin;HUANG Lanlan;LI Jinjie;YU Fuqiang;WAN Shanping;Substrate pH and inoculum spore concentration are critical factors regulating the formation of truffle mycorrhiza. To determine the optimal conditions for mycorrhiza synthesis with endemic white truffles， we used， for the first time， the combinations of Tuber liyuanum-Pinus armandii and T. huidongense-Castanea mollissima as experimental models. Three pH levels (7.0， 7.5， 8.0) and three spore concentrations (0.075 × 107，0.3 × 107， 1.2 × 107 spores per seedling) were tested for their influence on mycorrhiza formation and host plant growth. The results demonstrated that all treatments produced mycorrhizae， however optimizing pH and spore concentration significantly increased colonization efficiency and enhanced host plant performance. For T. liyuanum-P. armandii， the highest mycorrhizal count (620±54) achieved at pH 7.5 with 1.2 × 107 spores per seedling， accompanied by significant increases in shoot height and stem diameter compared to the control (P < 0.05). For T. huidongense-C. mollissima， the greatest number of mycorrhiza (990±62 per seedling) was recorded at pH 8.0 with the same spore concentration， and stem diameter was also significantly greater than in the control (P < 0.05). Mycorrhizal abundance was positively correlated with inoculum spore concentration and host plant growth indicators for both truffle species (P < 0.05)， whereas the response of mycorrhiza number to pH was species-specific.
Application Research and Development Prospects of Edible Fungi in Healthy Food
SONG Wei;SHEN Yu;REN Lili;WANG Liyan;LI Yu;Edible fungi are an important type of food resource， featuring a wide variety of species， comprehensive nutrition， and delicious taste， which also possess rich nutritional value and functional activities， thus attracting much attention. As the world's leading producer of edible fungi， China has focused on processing and producing edible fungi while fully leveraging their functional characteristics， making it a current research hotspot in the food field. This article summarizes the functional characteristics of edible fungi and the research progress and application prospects in the field of healthy food in recent years. It specifically covers the active components， functional characteristics of edible fungi， as well as their application in various types of products such as staple foods， meat products， beverages， and snack foods. Additionally， it explores the potential and future development direction of edible fungi in modern food industry， providing a reference basis for the future development of the edible fungi industry.
Process Optimization and Antitumor Activity of Honey-Processed Inonotus hispidus
LIANG Hailong;BAO Haiying;Inonotus hispidus is a traditional edible and medicinal fungus， and its processing method has been documented in ancient Chinese literature. However， studies on its processing techniques and pharmacological activities after processing remain limited. In this study， the optimal processing conditions for honey-processed I. hispidus were established and optimized. Using an H22 tumor-bearing mouse model， histopathological examinations and serum biochemical analyses were conducted to evaluate its anti-tumor activity. The results indicated that the optimal conditions included a honey -water ratio of 2:1， honey dosage 34%， and a moistening time of 1.6 h. Honey-processed I. hispidus significantly inhibited tumor growth and modulated serum cytokine levels associated with immune and inflammatory responses. Western blot analysis further revealed that treatment with honey-processed I. hispidus upregulated the expression of Bax， Caspase-9， Cyto C and cleaved Caspase-3， while downregulating Bcl-2 expression. These findings suggest that honey-processed I. hispidus exerts anti-tumor effects primarily by inducing tumor cell apoptosis， enhancing immune activation， and regulating inflammatory mediators. This study provides a theoretical basis for the further development and application of I. hispidus.
Identification， nutritional analysis， and mycelial biological characteristics of the wild edible fungus Entoloma clypeatum
XU Ruolan;ZHOU Yijie;HU Saixue;WEN Yangxin;LAN Zhengyong;LIU Yinggao;YANG Chunlin;Three wild edible fungus collected from Longquanshan Urban Forest Park in Longquanyi District， Chengdu， were subjected to an integrative morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis to ascertain their taxonomic status， evaluate their potential edible and medicinal applications， and characterize the biological properties of their mycelia.. And the main nutritional components， mineral elements， and amino acids of the fruit body were tested through relevant national food standards methods， such as spectrophotometry and Soxhlet extraction. The ultrasonic method for polyphenol extraction from the fruiting bodies was optimized using orthogonal experiments， followed by testing the polyphenols' antioxidative properties. Isolation and purification of strains were carried out using tissue separation， investigating the biological characteristics of the mycelium. On a single-factor basis， with colony diameter as the response indicator， response surface methodology was applied to optimize the nutritional formula. The results revealed that the wild mushroom belonged to the species Entoloma clypeatum in the genus Entoloma. Fruiting bodies contained various nutritional components such as crude fat (3.36%)， polysaccharides (3.19%)， crude protein (21.18%)， crude ash (8.31%)， and crude fiber (9.84%). Mineral elements present included selenium (0.033 mg/kg)， iron (615.1 mg/kg)， zinc (57.84 mg/kg)， manganese (33.59 mg/kg)， calcium (404.63 mg/kg)， potassium (37.68 g/kg)， sodium (48.81 mg/kg)， phosphorus (9.01 g/kg). The protein in the fruiting bodies contained 7 essential amino acids， constituting 34.21% of the total amino acids， and 9 medicinal amino acids， accounting for 64.94%. In the taste amino acids， the ratio of umami to bitter amino acids was 1.51. Amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS) indicated that the first limiting amino acids were methionine and cystine， with ratio coefficient of amino acid (SRC)， biological valence (BV)， and nutritional index (NI) being 66.94， 61.27， and 14.18， respectively. Orthogonal experiments revealed the optimal polyphenol extraction process as 40 minutes of ultrasound time， 60% ethanol concentration， and a liquid-to-material ratio of 1:50. Three in vitro antioxidant tests also demonstrated the mushroom's good antioxidant properties. Biological characteristics research indicated that the mycelium's optimal growth temperature was 25°C， optimal pH was 6， optimal light condition was 24 hours of complete darkness， optimal carbon source was glucose， optimal nitrogen source was beef extract， and optimal inorganic salt was potassium dihydrogen phosphate. Response surface analysis determined the optimal nutritional formula for mycelium growth as 19 g/L glucose， 0.6 g/L beef extract， and 3.0 g/L potassium dihydrogen phosphate.Entoloma clypeatum， a wild edible fungus prized for its favorable flavor， currently lacks systematic research on its nutritional quality and has not yet been successfully domesticated. This study clarified its taxonomic status through molecular and morphological methods， determined its main nutritional composition， and preliminarily revealed the biological characteristics of its mycelium， aiming to provide a theoretical basis and scientific reference for the conservation， development， utilization， and artificial domestication of this wild mushroom resource.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Mycelium Polysaccharides from Paecilomyces Hepiali against DEN-Induced Carcinogenic Liver Injury in Mice
LIU Yingying;WANG Xingxing;WAN Dongmei;WANG Juan;Paecilomyces hepiali， a medicinal and edible fungus originating from Cordyceps sinensis， contains mycelial polysaccharides with anti-inflammatory， antioxidant， and antitumor activities， demonstrating considerable potential for development as polysaccharide-based therapeutics. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of the purified polysaccharide PHps1 from P. hepiali on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver injury in mice. PHps1 was isolated and purified through hot-water extraction， Sevag deproteinization， graded ethanol precipitation， and gel filtration chromatography. A mouse model of liver injury was established by intraperitoneal injection of DEN， followed by 15 weeks of oral administration of PHps1. The results showed that， compared with the model group， PHps1 significantly increased body weight and liver index (P<0.01)， reduced plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase (P<0.05)， and alleviated histopathological damage in liver tissue. PHps1 also significantly suppressed the overexpression of proliferation markers PCNA and Ki-67 in the liver. In terms of immunomodulation， PHps1 increased the levels of immunoglobulins IgA and IgM in the spleen (P<0.05). Further mechanistic studies revealed that PHps1 inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB， downregulating the expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6， IL-1β， IL-10， IFN-γ， and TNF-α; P<0.05)， thereby attenuating hepatic inflammation. Additionally， PHps1 activated the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway， enhanced the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD， CAT， and HO-1)， and reduced reactive oxygen species levels， mitigating oxidative stress. In conclusion， PHps1 may exert its protective effect against DEN-induced liver injury through multi-pathway mechanisms involving immunomodulation， anti-inflammatory activity， and antioxidant responses.
Research Progress on Ganoderma Polysaccharides
Long Jieyi;Wang Yuanning;Li Chengqing;Zhou Feng'en;Zheng Donglin;Sun Lin;Zhou Yifa;Ganoderma polysaccharides are macromolecular compounds extracted from Ganoderma fungi， exhibiting diverse structural characteristics and biological activities. This paper systematically reviews their structural characteristics， extraction and purification methods， and biological activities， with a focus on exploring the structure-activity relationships between structural types and biological functions. First， based on existing research， the structural features of various polysaccharides in Ganoderma， including β-(1→3)-glucan， β-(1→6)-glucan， and galactan， are systematically summarized. Second， it traces the evolution of extraction techniques from traditional water extraction and acid-base extraction to novel methods such as ultrasonication， microwave-assisted extraction， enzyme-assisted extraction， and deep-common-melting solvents， analyzing the impact of extraction methods on polysaccharide yield， structure， and activity. Building on this foundation， the paper systematically elucidates the biological activities of Ganoderma polysaccharides in immune modulation， antitumor effects， antioxidant properties， metabolic regulation， and neuroprotection. It further analyzes the fundamental role of structural features—such as the β-(1→3) backbone， triple-helix conformation， and moderate branching—in determining their functional properties from a structure-activity relationship perspective. By integrating existing research findings， this paper constructs a framework for the structure-activity relationship of Ganoderma polysaccharides， providing theoretical foundations and critical references for their precise design and systematic utilization in functional foods， drug development， and related fields.
Study on the Improvement of Type 2 Diabetes by Ganoderma lingzhi Mycelium Polysaccharides Based on Intestinal Barrier and Gut Microbiota Regulation
LI Jing;DONG Liran;SU Ling;WANG Qi;The aimed to systematically evaluate the in vivo ameliorative effects of Ganoderma lingzhi mycelium polysaccharides (GL) on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms involving intestinal barrier function and gut microbiota regulation. The results demonstrated that GL intervention dose-dependently alleviated the symptoms of polydipsia， polyphagia， and body weight loss in T2DM mice， and significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels. In terms of metabolic regulation， GL effectively decreased the levels of TC， TG， LDL-C， and FFA in both serum and liver， while increasing the HDL-C levels. GL also improved liver function， as indicated by reduced serum activities of ALT and AST， and enhanced the body's antioxidant capacity， manifested by significantly increased activities of SOD and CAT， along with a decrease in MDA content. HE analysis further confirmed that GL mitigated hepatic steatosis and damage to colonic mucosal structure. Mechanistic investigations revealed that GL intervention significantly up-regulated the protein and gene expression of intestinal tight junction proteins (ZO-1， Claudin-1， Occludin)， lowered serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α， IL-1β， and IL-6 levels， and promoted the gene expression of mucin MUC2. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis indicated that GL remodeled the disordered gut microbiota structure by increasing microbial alpha diversity. GL adjusted the Firmicutes/Bacteroidota ratio at the phylum level， and significantly elevating the relative abundance of beneficial genera such as Akkermansia， Lactobacillus， and Blautia at the genus level. In conclusion， GL exert their ameliorative effects on T2DM through multi-target synergistic actions， which include regulating glucose and lipid metabolism， improving oxidative stress and liver injury， effectively maintaining intestinal barrier integrity， suppressing systemic inflammation， and modulating gut microbiota homeostasis. This study provides new mechanistic evidence supporting the potential application of GL as a functional food or adjuvant therapy for T2DM.
Evaluation of Cadmium Tolerance and Accumulation Capabilities in Mycelia of Six Edible Fungal Species
DAI Yusong;CHEN Jie;LIN Junbin;MIAO Renyun;FENG Rencai;YAN Junjie;GAN Bingcheng;Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic heavy metal， and excessive exposure can lead to severe damage to living organisms. Screening edible fungal strains specifically for heavy metal remediation is of great significance for developing novel biosorption materials for the treatment of cadmium-contaminated water bodies. In this study， 18 strains of edible fungi belonging to 6 species were selected. The mycelial growth inhibition rate， biomass， and bioconcentration factor were determined under different Cd concentrations to evaluate the tolerance and adsorption capacity of these strains to Cd. Using (1 - Growth inhibition rate %) × Bioconcentration factor as the screening index， strains with superior comprehensive Cd tolerance and adsorption capacity were selected. Among all tested strains， Oudemansiella radicata Or26 showed the best comprehensive performance: at 2 mg/L Cd， the growth inhibition rate was -15.29% and the bioconcentration factor was 135.32; at 5 mg/L Cd， the growth inhibition rate was -4.41% and the bioconcentration factor was 133.07; at 10 mg/L Cd， the growth inhibition rate was 12.80% and the bioconcentration factor was 114.13. Significant differences were observed in the tolerance and adsorption capacity of the tested strains under different Cd concentrations. Among them， the Oudemansiella radicata strain Or26 has great potential to serve as a biosorption material for the remediation of Cd-contaminated water bodies.